GS2 · Polity · Governance · IR · 17
GS2International Relations › Policies of other countries affecting IndiaPrelims Why in news: The International Energy Agency (IEA) announced an immediate release of oil from record stockpiles to Asia and Oceania to counter supply disruptions caused by Middle East conflict.
The IEA confirmed oil availability for Asia and Oceania starting March 16, 2026, while Europe and the Americas will receive supplies from the end of March. The move follows a US attack on military sites near Iran's main oil exporting facility, causing oil futures to close above US$100 a barrel.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PlaceStrait of Hormuz: A vital waterway for global oil flows, currently facing disruptions due to Middle East conflict.
- FactOil futures closed above US$100 a barrel following the weekend's military actions near Iran's oil facilities.
- FactAsia and Oceania markets receive immediate stockpile releases, while Europe and Americas receive them from late March.
Mains angle
Q. Analyze the geopolitical significance of the Strait of Hormuz in global energy security and discuss the implications of Middle Eastern conflicts on global oil price volatility.
- Geopolitical bottleneck: Strait of Hormuz's role as a critical maritime chokepoint for global crude exports
- Market volatility: Impact of regional kinetic conflicts on global oil futures and energy price stability
- Strategic reserves: Role of international agency-coordinated stockpiles in mitigating supply-side shocks
Keywords: Energy Security · Geopolitics · Supply Chain Disruption · Strategic Reserves · Market Volatility
Why in news: The IEA released 400 million barrels of oil from emergency reserves to stabilize markets disrupted by the closure of the Strait of Hormuz following US and Israeli strikes on Iran.
The IEA's release of 400 million barrels is the largest coordinated drawdown in its history. Oil prices remain above $100 per barrel despite the release due to geopolitical risk premiums and the shutdown of production by major oil companies.
Prelims pointers (5)
- FactIEA released 400 million barrels of oil from emergency reserves.
- FactOil prices remained above $100 per barrel despite the IEA intervention.
- PlaceStrait of Hormuz: A critical global energy artery currently facing disruption.
- PlaceKharg Island: A key Iranian export terminal for crude oil.
- BodyIEA: International Energy Agency responsible for coordinating emergency oil reserves.
Mains angle
Q. Analyze the impact of maritime chokepoints on global energy security and the limitations of strategic reserves in mitigating geopolitical supply shocks.
- Supply chain vulnerability: High dependence on the Strait of Hormuz creates a single point of failure for global crude flow.
- Market volatility: Geopolitical risk premiums overriding the buffering capacity of strategic oil reserves.
- Force majeure impact: Production shutdowns by private firms creating immediate supply deficits regardless of reserve releases.
Keywords: Geopolitical risk premium · Strategic reserves · Energy security · Maritime chokepoints · Force majeure
Al Jazeera ↗+1 more on this story Why in news: The conflict between Israel, the US, and Iran has entered its second week, leading to regional escalation and global economic repercussions.
The conflict involves an Israeli-American assault on Iran, resulting in oil and gas shortages and soaring prices. The war has impacted civilian infrastructure and cultural sites, leading to potential recessionary pressures globally.
Prelims pointers (2)
- FactThe conflict has resulted in widespread oil and gas shortages and soaring prices.
- PlaceThe conflict is centered in the Middle East involving Iran, Israel, and the US.
Mains angle
Q. Analyze the geopolitical and economic implications of the escalating conflict between Israel, the US, and Iran on global energy security and regional stability.
- Energy security: Global oil and gas shortages creating recessionary pressures and price volatility
- Geopolitical shift: Regional reshaping due to the expansion of the conflict beyond initial scope
- Asymmetric warfare: Iran's use of innovative tactics to mitigate advanced Western weaponry
Keywords: Geopolitical instability · Energy security · Asymmetric warfare · Economic repercussions · Regional hegemony
GS2Social Justice › Vulnerable sections (SC/ST, minorities, disabled, elderly, children)Mains Why in news: Transgender activists are opposing proposed amendments to the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, which would mandate medical scrutiny and official verification for identity certificates.
The proposed changes to the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019, would require transgender individuals to undergo medical scrutiny and official verification. Activists argue this contradicts the Supreme Court's ruling in National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India, which established gender self-identification as paramount.
Prelims pointers (3)
- Act / BillTransgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019
- BodyNational Legal Services Authority (NALSA)
- FactProposed amendments require medical scrutiny and official verification for identity certificates
Mains angle
Q. Critically analyze the tension between state-mandated medical verification and the right to gender self-identification for transgender individuals in India.
- Privacy conflict: Potential for state-led invasion of bodily autonomy and personal privacy
- Institutional bottleneck: Shortage of trans-friendly clinics and accredited medical facilities for verification
- Legal regression: Potential dilution of the NALSA v. Union of India ruling on self-identification
Keywords: gender self-identification · bodily autonomy · discriminatory practices · legal regression · vulnerable sections
Why in news: External Affairs Minister S. Jaishankar began a two-day visit to Brussels to strengthen strategic ties following the signing of a landmark Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between India and the European Union in January 2026.
The visit follows the 16th India-EU summit where both sides agreed on an FTA described as 'the mother of all deals.' Jaishankar is scheduled to attend the EU Foreign Affairs Council Meeting and meet with leaders from Belgium and other EU member states.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactIndia-EU FTA was signed in January 2026
- PostS. Jaishankar is the External Affairs Minister of India
- PlaceBrussels is the seat of the European Union
- BodyForeign Affairs Council Meeting is a meeting of EU Foreign Ministers
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of the India-EU Free Trade Agreement in diversifying India's global economic partnerships and navigating geopolitical tensions.
- Geopolitical balancing: Navigating India's strategic autonomy amidst US-Iran tensions
- Trade diversification: Reducing import reliance by expanding market access to the EU bloc
- Regulatory alignment: Harmonizing standards for trade and investment between India and EU member states
Keywords: Strategic Partnership · Trade Liberalization · Geopolitical Alignment · Economic Diplomacy · Multilateralism
Why in news: Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) claimed responsibility for launching missile and drone attacks on the UAE's al-Dhafra airbase and Kuwait's airport.
The IRGC stated they fired 10 missiles and unspecified drones at US forces stationed at the al-Dhafra airbase. The UAE Ministry of Defense confirmed that its air defense systems were responding to these incoming threats.
Prelims pointers (2)
- FactIRGC: Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps of Iran
- FactIran claimed to have fired 10 missiles and drones at US forces
Mains angle
Q. Analyze the implications of escalating Iran-Israel-US tensions on the maritime and aviation security of the Gulf region.
- Regional instability: Threat to international shipping lanes and aviation hubs in the Gulf
- Defense architecture: Reliance on integrated air defense systems against drone and missile swarms
Keywords: Regional security · Geopolitical escalation · Maritime security · Defense infrastructure
Why in news: The United States bombed Iran's Kharg Island energy hub, leading to a retaliatory missile and drone strike by Iran on UAE ports and military installations.
The US targeted Kharg Island, which handles 90% of Iranian oil exports. The conflict has resulted in over 2,000 deaths and disrupted global oil supplies, causing price hikes.
Prelims pointers (4)
- PlaceKharg Island: Primary hub for 90% of Iranian oil exports
- PlaceStrait of Hormuz: Strategic shipping lane protected by US warships
- FactConflict casualties: Over 2,000 lives lost
- FactIran's retaliatory targets: UAE ports and military installations in Dubai and Abu Dhabi
Mains angle
Q. Analyze the impact of escalating conflict in the Middle East on global energy security and the geopolitical dynamics of the Strait of Hormuz.
- Energy security: Volatility in global oil prices due to disruption of Iranian export hubs
- Maritime security: Strategic importance of the Strait of Hormuz for international shipping lanes
- Geopolitical alignment: Multilateral involvement of Western and Asian powers in regional stability
Keywords: Energy Security · Geopolitical Volatility · Maritime Trade · Retaliatory Doctrine · Strategic Chokepoints
GS2Polity & Constitution › Elections, ECI & electoral reformsPrelims Why in news: The Election Commission of India announced the Tamil Nadu Assembly election schedule and initiated measures to monitor candidate expenditures through financial intelligence sharing.
The Election Commission of India announced the Tamil Nadu Assembly election for April 23, 2026, with 75,032 polling booths. The commission requested the Financial Intelligence Unit-India (FIU-IND) to share transaction reports with the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) to monitor election spending.
Prelims pointers (5)
- BodyElection Commission of India (ECI) announced the Tamil Nadu Assembly election schedule on March 15, 2026.
- FactTotal registered voters in Tamil Nadu for the election: 5,67,74,436 (including 5,67,07,380 general electors and 67,056 service voters).
- FactTotal polling booths: 75,032, with 265 designated as model booths and 258 managed by women.
- BodyFIU-IND (Financial Intelligence Unit-India) shares Cash Transaction Reports (CTRs) and Suspicious Transaction Reports (STRs) with CBDT.
- FactDistrict Election Officers (DEOs) are instructed to investigate bank withdrawals exceeding ₹1 lakh.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the measures taken by the Election Commission of India to ensure transparency in election expenditures and prevent the misuse of unaccounted money.
- Institutional coordination: Leveraging FIU-IND and CBDT data to track opaque political funding
- Regulatory oversight: Role of District Election Officers in monitoring high-value cash withdrawals during the Model Code of Conduct
Keywords: Model Code of Conduct · Election Expenditure · Financial Intelligence · Transparency · Electoral Integrity
Why in news: Union Minister G. Kishan Reddy announced the upgrade of 5,008 Anganwadi Centres in Telangana into 'Saksham Anganwadis' under the Mission Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0 schemes.
The project involves an investment of ₹30.04 crore to upgrade 5,008 centres in Telangana. Upgrades include LED screens, water filtration systems, 'Poshan Vatika' (nutrition gardens), and Building as Learning Aid (BaLA) paintings.
Prelims pointers (5)
- SchemePoshan 2.0: A scheme aimed at strengthening Anganwadi centres to improve nutrition and early childhood care.
- FactMission Saksham Anganwadi aims to strengthen nearly two lakh Anganwadi centres across India.
- FactSupplementary Nutrition Programme (SNP) aims to bridge the gap between Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and Average Daily Intake (ADI).
- FactFortified rice is supplied to Anganwadi centres to control anaemia and meet micronutrient requirements.
- FactBuilding as Learning Aid (BaLA) involves using paintings and infrastructure as educational tools.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the 'Mission Saksham Anganwadi' and 'Poshan 2.0' schemes contribute to achieving the goals of early childhood care and nutritional security in India.
- Nutritional gap: Addressing the disparity between Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and Average Daily Intake (ADI) through fortified food.
- Pedagogical infrastructure: Utilizing Building as Learning Aid (BaLA) and Poshan Vatika to create immersive early childhood learning environments.
Keywords: Early Childhood Care · Nutritional Security · Poshan 2.0 · Supplementary Nutrition Programme · Micronutrient Deficiency
GS2Polity & Constitution › Elections, ECI & electoral reformsPrelims Why in news: The Election Commission of India (ECI) has scheduled the Kerala Legislative Assembly election for April 9, 2026, initiating the official election cycle.
The ECI set April 9, 2026, as the election date with a gazette notification scheduled for March 16. Over 2.7 crore voters are eligible to cast ballots, with a planned limit of 1,200 voters per polling booth.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactTotal eligible voters for the Kerala Legislative Assembly election: over 2.7 crore
- FactMaximum voter limit per polling booth: 1,200
- BodyElection Commission of India (ECI) is the body responsible for scheduling and conducting the polls
- PlaceKerala Legislative Assembly election date: April 9, 2026
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the measures taken by the Election Commission of India to ensure inclusive and accessible voting for marginalized groups and women in state assembly elections.
- Logistical inclusivity: Provision of special polling stations for persons with disabilities and women officers
- Administrative efficiency: Balancing voter density per booth with geographical accessibility in rural and urban areas
Keywords: Universal Adult Franchise · Inclusive Governance · Election Management · Logistical Planning · Democratic Participation
Why in news: Chief Election Commissioner Gyanesh Kumar defended the Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls as essential for democracy amidst opposition demands to remove him.
The Election Commission announced the 2026 Assembly election schedule for Assam, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Puducherry. All states except West Bengal are scheduled to vote in a single phase on April 23rd or 29th.
Prelims pointers (4)
- PostGyanesh Kumar: Chief Election Commissioner of India
- FactSIR: Special Intensive Revision of electoral rolls
- PlaceAssam, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, and Puducherry: States scheduled for 2026 Assembly elections
- FactApril 23rd or 29th: Scheduled voting dates for all states except West Bengal
Mains angle
Q. Examine the significance of maintaining 'pure' electoral rolls in ensuring the integrity of the democratic process in India.
- Institutional autonomy: Balancing the Election Commission's independence against political pressure for leadership changes
- Data integrity: Addressing challenges in identifying duplicate entries and ineligible voters during intensive revisions
Keywords: Electoral Integrity · Democratic Bedrock · Special Intensive Revision · Constitutional Autonomy · Universal Suffrage
GS2Social Justice › Health policy & public healthPrelims Why in news: Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu approved the distribution of 44,346 induction stoves to Anganwadi Centres to reduce LPG costs and carbon emissions.
The initiative is supported by Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) and aims to save ₹24 crore annually. Phase I has already delivered 11,400 induction stoves to centers across the state.
Prelims pointers (5)
- FactTotal induction stoves approved for Anganwadi Centres: 44,346
- FactProjected annual savings: ₹24 crore
- FactProjected CO2 reduction: 28,327 tonnes per year
- BodyEESL: Energy Efficiency Services Limited
- SchemeNational Efficient Cooking Programme
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how transitioning to energy-efficient cooking technologies in rural welfare centers can contribute to India's climate goals and fiscal efficiency.
- Fiscal optimization: Reducing recurring LPG expenditure for state-run welfare infrastructure
- Decarbonization: Mitigating localized carbon footprints through alignment with 'Go Electric' campaign
- Infrastructure transition: Challenges in maintaining electrical load capacity for rural Anganwadi centers
Keywords: Energy Efficiency · Decarbonization · Fiscal Sustainability · Climate Mitigation · Rural Infrastructure
Why in news: The Kerala Higher Education department approved 520 new-generation undergraduate and postgraduate courses in government and aided arts and science colleges starting in the 2026-27 academic year.
The Kerala government approved approximately 520 new programs focusing on fields like AI, Machine Learning, and FinTech. No permanent faculty appointments will be made for these courses during the first five years of their implementation.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactTotal new undergraduate and postgraduate programs approved: 520
- FactImplementation start date: 2026-27 academic year
- FactFaculty rule: No permanent faculty appointments for the first five years
- FactCore subjects: Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, psychology, computer science, logistics, FinTech, and data science
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of introducing 'new-generation' courses in state-run higher education to align with the evolving demands of the global digital economy.
- Skill-mismatch: Aligning state higher education with emerging tech sectors like FinTech and AI
- Resource constraint: Balancing curriculum expansion with the lack of permanent faculty appointments
- Pedagogical shift: Transitioning to flexible major and minor subject options in four-year undergraduate programs
Keywords: Skill development · Higher education · Digital economy · Curriculum reform · Human capital
GS2Governance › Government policies & schemesPrelims Why in news: The Kerala Cabinet approved an amnesty scheme offering a 50% reduction on pending traffic fines to clear the backlog of unresolved e-challan cases.
The scheme applies to e-challan cases issued up to December 31, 2024. The amnesty period is scheduled to run until April 30.
Prelims pointers (2)
- SchemeKerala traffic fine amnesty: 50% reduction on fines for e-challans issued up to December 31, 2024
- FactAmnesty period: Valid until April 30
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how amnesty schemes for pending traffic violations can balance the need for effective law enforcement with the objective of reducing administrative backlogs.
- Revenue vs Enforcement: Trade-off between immediate fiscal recovery and long-term deterrence of traffic violations
- Administrative efficiency: Reducing judicial and clerical burden by clearing high-volume, low-priority e-challan backlogs
Keywords: Amnesty scheme · e-challan · administrative backlog · law enforcement · fiscal policy
Why in news: Pakistan launched airstrikes on military facilities and a tunnel in Kandahar, Afghanistan, targeting sites allegedly used by the Afghan Taliban and Pakistani Taliban militants.
Pakistan conducted airstrikes in southern Afghanistan, specifically targeting Kandahar. The operation followed Pakistan's interception of drone attacks originating from Afghanistan on a Friday night.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PlaceKandahar: A city in southern Afghanistan hosting the Taliban administration.
- FactPakistan intercepted drone attacks originating in Afghanistan on a Friday night prior to the strikes.
- FactThe strikes targeted a tunnel allegedly used by both the Afghan Taliban and Pakistani Taliban militants.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the implications of cross-border military actions and the role of non-state actors in destabilizing regional security in the Afghanistan-Pakistan corridor.
- Security dilemma: Escalation of cross-border strikes leading to disrupted trade and civilian displacement
- Non-state actor dynamics: Shared use of infrastructure by Afghan Taliban and Pakistani Taliban militants
- Regional instability: Impact of drone warfare and asymmetrical threats on bilateral security cooperation
Keywords: cross-border escalation · asymmetrical warfare · non-state actors · regional security · security dilemma
GS2Social Justice › Health policy & public healthPrelims + Mains Why in news: The Indian government is accelerating the rollout of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination program to combat cervical cancer among women.
The initiative aims to provide a preventative measure against HPV infections, which are a leading cause of cervical cancer deaths in India. The program is part of a broader effort to reduce mortality rates from HPV-associated cancers.
Prelims pointers (2)
- FactHPV vaccination is a preventative measure against cervical cancer.
- PostThe program targets the protection of women from HPV-associated cancers.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of large-scale vaccination programs in addressing non-communicable diseases and gender-specific health issues in India.
- Public health infrastructure: Addressing the logistical challenges of cold-chain maintenance for vaccines in rural areas
- Gender-specific health equity: Reducing mortality rates among women through targeted preventative healthcare interventions
Keywords: preventative healthcare · non-communicable diseases · public health infrastructure · gender-specific health · immunization program
Why in news: Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian and Foreign Minister Seyed Abbas Araghchi urged Prime Minister Narendra Modi to use India's BRICS chairmanship to address the US-Israel conflict.
Iran's leadership requested India to leverage its influence within the BRICS bloc to resolve the US-Israel war. The conflict has caused disruptions in global energy supplies and a domestic LPG crisis in India due to tensions in the Strait of Hormuz.
Prelims pointers (2)
- PlaceStrait of Hormuz: A critical maritime waterway for global energy supplies and India's energy security.
- FactIndia is currently chairing the BRICS bloc as of March 2026.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges India faces in balancing its strategic autonomy while navigating the geopolitical tensions between Iran, Israel, and the United States.
- Energy security: Vulnerability of India's LPG supply to maritime disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz
- Multilateral diplomacy: Leveraging BRICS chairmanship to mediate regional conflicts vs. maintaining non-aligned status
- Strategic balancing: Managing 'friend of Iran' status while addressing security concerns regarding Israel
Keywords: Strategic Autonomy · Energy Security · Multilateralism · Geopolitical Balancing · BRICS Chairmanship
GS3 · Economy · S&T · Environment · Security · 13
GS3Agriculture › MSP, procurement, PDS & food securityPrelims + Mains Why in news: The Supreme Court urged the Union government to revise its policy framework to incentivize farmers to diversify from wheat and paddy to pulses, highlighting the need for a guaranteed MSP.
The Supreme Court heard a petition by Kisan Mahapanchayat seeking curbs on yellow pea imports. The Centre acknowledged a decline in pulse production from 273 lakh tonnes in 2021-2022 to 242 lakh tonnes in 2023-2024 due to disease.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactPulse production declined from 273 lakh tonnes in 2021-2022 to 242 lakh tonnes in 2023-2024
- BodyKisan Mahapanchayat: NGO petitioner seeking curbs on yellow pea imports
- FactYellow peas are currently being imported into India
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in diversifying Indian agriculture towards pulses and suggest policy measures to ensure remunerative returns for small and medium farmers.
- Market distortion: Impact of cheap yellow pea imports on the price discovery of homegrown pulses
- MSP inadequacy: Lack of incentivized MSP for pulses compared to wheat and paddy
- Production volatility: Disease-driven production shocks necessitating robust buffer stock and price stabilization
Keywords: Crop Diversification · Minimum Support Price · Price Stabilization · Import Substitution · Smallholder Farmers
Why in news: The Assam government signed a memorandum of settlement with three Kuki extremist groups and a Hmar group to end ethnic militancy and fulfill community aspirations.
The agreement involves the Hmar People’s Convention-Democratic (HPC-D), United Kukigam Defence Army (UKDA), Kuki Revolutionary Army (KRA), and Kuki Liberation Organisation (KLO). The groups deposited 1,012 firearms, 25,488 rounds of ammunition, and 34 grenades as part of the settlement.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactThe Kuki Liberation Organisation (KLO) is also known as the Kuki Liberation Army.
- FactThe settlement includes the formation of Hmar and Kuki Welfare Development Councils headquartered in Guwahati.
- FactOver 9,000 cadres from Bodo, Karbi, and Adivasi communities have been rehabilitated in Assam in recent years.
- BodyThe Transformation and Development Department of Assam will oversee the budgets for the new welfare councils.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the role of community-led welfare councils and rehabilitation packages in addressing ethnic militancy and ensuring internal security in Northeast India.
- Institutional framework: Transitioning from armed insurgency to community-led development councils to ensure long-term peace.
- Rehabilitation logistics: Balancing financial compensation for families with the socio-economic integration of former cadres into mainstream society.
- Conflict resolution: The efficacy of tripartite talks between the Centre, State, and non-state actors in resolving ethnic grievances.
Keywords: ethnic militancy · memorandum of settlement · rehabilitation · internal security · peace and tranquillity · non-state actors
GS3Agriculture › MSP, procurement, PDS & food securityPrelims Why in news: Chief Minister A. Revanth Reddy announced the disbursement of the first installment of the Rythu Bharosa scheme to farmers on March 22.
The government will deposit ₹3,590 crore into the accounts of 70 lakh farmers as the first installment. The scheme aims to provide ₹6,000 per acre for each of the two cropping seasons, with a total planned outlay of ₹9,000 crore.
Prelims pointers (5)
- FactFirst installment amount: ₹3,590 crore
- FactTotal number of farmers to be covered: 70 lakh
- FactTarget payment per acre per season: ₹6,000
- FactTotal planned outlay over two cropping seasons: ₹9,000 crore
- PlaceOil palm processing plant location: Siddipet district
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of direct benefit transfer schemes in ensuring agricultural sustainability and farmer welfare in India.
- Fiscal sustainability: Balancing high per-acre subsidies with long-term state treasury health
- Timely disbursement: Mitigating liquidity constraints for farmers during the rabi (yasangi) season
Keywords: Direct Benefit Transfer · Agricultural Subsidies · Rural Welfare · Fiscal Outlay · Crop Seasonality
Why in news: Eleven members of the outlawed CPI(Maoist), including a Divisional Committee Member (DCM), surrendered to Odisha Police in Kalahandi district with weapons.
The surrender occurred in Kalahandi district, Odisha, involving a group active in Kalahandi, Rayagada, and Kandhamal. The state's surrender and rehabilitation policy provides financial assistance and vocational training to surrendering Maoists.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactEleven Maoists surrendered in Kalahandi district, Odisha.
- FactThe group included a Divisional Committee Member (DCM).
- FactThe surrender and rehabilitation policy includes financial assistance and vocational training.
- FactThe Union Home Minister's goal is to eliminate Maoists by March 31st, 2026.
Mains angle
Q. Examine the effectiveness of the surrender and rehabilitation policy as a strategy to counter Left Wing Extremism in India's tribal heartlands.
- Ideological erosion: Weakening of Maoist influence due to sustained security operations and state-led rehabilitation
- Geographic containment: Shrinking of Maoist activity from interior districts to border areas of Kandhamal
- Policy trade-off: Balancing kinetic security operations with socio-economic integration of former insurgents
Keywords: Left Wing Extremism · Surrender and Rehabilitation · Internal Security · Counter-insurgency · Socio-economic integration
GS3Science & Technology › Biotechnology & health researchPrelims Why in news: Researchers identified a new earthworm species, *Drawida vazhania*, in the Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary of Kerala.
The new species, *Drawida vazhania*, belongs to the Barwelli species group and the genus *Drawida*. It was discovered in the Vazhani dam area of Kerala's Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary and published in the journal Zootaxa.
Prelims pointers (3)
- EnvironmentDrawida vazhania: A newly discovered earthworm species in the Western Ghats.
- FactKerala has 31 recorded earthworm species, with 16 being endemic to the state.
- FactIndia possesses the highest global concentration of endemic earthworm species.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of the Western Ghats as a biodiversity hotspot and the impact of habitat transformation on endemic soil fauna.
- Habitat fragmentation: Loss of soil biodiversity due to land-use change and dam construction
- Endemism preservation: Challenges in protecting species restricted to specific micro-climates in the Western Ghats
Keywords: Biodiversity Hotspot · Endemism · Habitat Transformation · Soil Fauna · Western Ghats
GS3Agriculture › Cropping patterns & irrigationPrelims Why in news: The Kerala state cabinet approved an additional ₹4,000 crore loan from NABARD for the Kerala Water Authority to complete rural water supply projects under the Jal Jeevan Mission.
The Kerala Water Authority (KWA) will secure a total loan of ₹9,000 crore from NABARD. The funds are specifically earmarked for addressing outstanding rural water supply works in Kerala under the Jal Jeevan Mission.
Prelims pointers (2)
- FactThe total loan amount secured for Kerala's rural water supply projects is ₹9,000 crore.
- PlaceKerala Water Authority (KWA): The state body responsible for implementing the water projects.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the role of institutional financing and state-level agencies in achieving the objectives of the Jal Jeevan Mission in water-stressed regions.
- Fiscal constraint: State reliance on NABARD loans to bridge funding gaps for rural infrastructure
- Implementation gap: Addressing project delays in Kerala through targeted credit-linked funding
Keywords: Rural Infrastructure · Institutional Financing · Water Security · Fiscal Federalism · NABARD
GS3Agriculture › MSP, procurement, PDS & food securityPrelims Why in news: The Kerala government expanded its pension scheme for small and marginal farmers by adding 10,115 individuals who turned 60 in 2021.
The Kerala government allocated ₹24.27 crore to provide a monthly pension of ₹2,000 to 10,115 new beneficiaries. Additionally, ₹76.88 crore was approved for crop damage relief and ₹43.19 crore for insurance arrears dating back to June 2024.
Prelims pointers (2)
- FactMonthly pension amount for expanded beneficiaries: ₹2,000
- PlaceKerala government expansion of pension scheme for small and marginal farmers
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of social security schemes for small and marginal farmers in ensuring rural livelihoods and agricultural sustainability in India.
- Fiscal sustainability: Balancing state budget allocations with expanding social safety nets for aging rural populations
- Risk mitigation: Addressing the vulnerability of small-scale farmers to natural calamities through insurance and relief funds
Keywords: Social Security · Small and Marginal Farmers · Fiscal Allocation · Risk Mitigation · Rural Livelihood
GS3Economy › Growth, inflation & macro indicatorsPrelims + Mains Why in news: Oil prices have crossed $100 per barrel due to escalating Middle East tensions, with Iran warning of potential price hikes to $200.
Crude oil prices surpassed $100 per barrel for the first time since the 2022 Ukraine invasion. The Strait of Hormuz, carrying over 20% of global oil and gas shipments, remains closed.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactStrait of Hormuz carries over 20% of global oil and gas shipments
- FactCrude oil prices crossed $100 per barrel for the first time since 2022
- PlaceStrait of Hormuz: critical waterway for global energy transit
Mains angle
Q. Analyze the impact of geopolitical instability in the Middle East on India's energy security and domestic stock market volatility.
- Inflationary pressure: High crude prices increasing input costs for manufacturing and logistics
- Market volatility: Geopolitical risk premiums affecting investor sentiment and foreign fund flows
- Energy security: Supply chain disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz affecting fuel availability
Keywords: Geopolitical risk · Energy security · Market volatility · Inflationary pressure · Supply chain disruption
Why in news: The Union Environment Ministry endorsed a 10-member expert committee to define the boundaries and ranges of the Aravalli hills following a Supreme Court order to pause mining activities.
The committee includes experts from forestry, geology, and academia. The Supreme Court issued an order in December 2023 pausing all mining activities in the Aravallis due to concerns over the region's definition.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PlaceAravalli hills: A mountain range in India where mining activities were paused by the Supreme Court in December 2023
- FactThe expert committee endorsed by the Environment Ministry consists of 10 members
- BodyUnion Environment Ministry: The body responsible for endorsing the committee and filing the affidavit in the Supreme Court
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the ecological significance of the Aravalli hills and the necessity of scientific delimitation in balancing industrial mining with environmental conservation.
- Ecological integrity: Preservation of biodiversity and groundwater recharge zones against unregulated mining
- Regulatory clarity: Need for precise geographical boundaries to prevent 'grey zone' environmental degradation
- Stakeholder conflict: Balancing industrial demands with the constitutional mandate to protect natural heritage
Keywords: Ecological integrity · Scientific delimitation · Sustainable development · Environmental governance · Biodiversity conservation
GS3Agriculture › Animal husbandry, fisheries & alliedPrelims Why in news: The Indian government approved a ₹246 crore investment to modernize fishing harbors and infrastructure in the Union Territory of Puducherry to improve coastal livelihoods.
The project involves a ₹246 crore investment for upgrading existing fishing harbors in Puducherry. Key infrastructure includes an auction hall, net mending shed, and fishermen rest sheds in Thengaithittu.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactTotal investment approved for Puducherry fishing infrastructure: ₹246 crore
- PlaceThengaithittu: Location for new auction hall, net mending shed, and rest sheds
- FactProject focus: Modernizing existing fishing harbors and coastal infrastructure
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how infrastructure modernization in the fisheries sector can enhance the socio-economic status of coastal communities and contribute to the Blue Economy.
- Livelihood enhancement: Improving auction facilities and mending sheds to reduce post-harvest losses
- Infrastructure gap: Addressing the lack of modern amenities in Union Territory coastal hubs
Keywords: Blue Economy · Infrastructure Development · Livelihood Improvement · Coastal Management
GS3Economy › Growth, inflation & macro indicatorsMains Why in news: The war in West Asia has triggered a significant LPG shortage and price hike in India, forcing a shift back to traditional fuels like firewood.
India's cooking gas supply is facing disruption due to geopolitical conflict in West Asia. The shortage has led to restaurants scaling back menus and hotels reducing offerings to basic beverages.
Prelims pointers (1)
- FactAlternative fuels mentioned by government: Coal
Mains angle
Q. Analyze the vulnerabilities in India's energy infrastructure caused by over-dependence on imported fuels and suggest measures to achieve energy security.
- Supply chain vulnerability: High sensitivity of domestic cooking fuel to geopolitical shifts in West Asia
- Energy transition friction: Difficulty in shifting household demand from LPG to alternative fuels like coal
- Food security link: Impact of rising cooking fuel costs on the hospitality sector and restaurant operations
Keywords: Energy Security · Import Dependency · Supply Chain Vulnerability · Geopolitical Risk · Energy Infrastructure
GS3Agriculture › Food processing & supply chainPrelims Why in news: The Union Cabinet approved the international status for Madurai airport on March 10th to enhance connectivity to Singapore, Malaysia, and Dubai.
The Union Cabinet approved the international status for Madurai airport on March 10th. Plans include an additional terminal building and a runway extension to support tourism, trade, and industrial growth in Tamil Nadu.
Prelims pointers (2)
- FactInternational destinations: Singapore, Malaysia, and Dubai
- FactInfrastructure plans: Additional terminal building and runway extension
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how enhancing regional aviation infrastructure can act as a catalyst for industrial growth and tourism in South India.
- Logistics synergy: Reducing transit time for regional exports to Southeast Asian markets
- Tourism multiplier: Direct international access boosting heritage site footfall and local hospitality
Keywords: Regional Connectivity · Infrastructure Development · Tourism Hub · Industrial Growth
GS3Economy › External sector, trade & FDIPrelims + Mains Why in news: Union Minister Piyush Goyal stated that India is well-positioned to handle West Asia supply shocks due to ample crude oil and fuel reserves.
India has reported no disruptions in petrol, diesel, or aviation fuel supplies despite West Asia conflicts. The government is exploring alternative LPG and LNG sources from Canada, the U.S., and Russia while increasing kerosene production as a backup for cooking gas.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactIndia is exploring LPG and LNG imports from Canada, the U.S., and Russia to mitigate supply shocks.
- FactKerosene production has been increased as a backup option for cooking gas.
- FactNo disruptions reported in petrol, diesel, or aviation fuel supplies as of March 2026.
Mains angle
Q. Analyze the factors contributing to India's energy security and the strategic importance of diversifying import sources amidst geopolitical instability in West Asia.
- Supply chain diversification: Reducing over-dependence on West Asian corridors through multi-polar sourcing from North America and Russia.
- Strategic reserves: Leveraging domestic fuel stockpiles to buffer against immediate price volatility and supply shocks.
- Currency-Energy nexus: Managing rupee stability against global oil price fluctuations during geopolitical crises.
Keywords: Energy Security · Supply Chain Diversification · Geopolitical Risk · Strategic Reserves · Trade Resilience
Notes are generated automatically from SatyaDheesh's news feed and mapped to the UPSC CSE syllabus. Check facts against the original report or PIB before using them in an answer.