Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann, and Georg Nagel awarded Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
GS3Economy · S&T · Environment · Security· Biotechnology & health research· Prelims·
Optogenetics and biotechnology: a key GS3 topic regarding neural circuit manipulation and clinical applications.
Why in news
Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann, and Georg Nagel were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their pioneering work in optogenetics.
Background
The award recognizes the use of the algal protein channelrhodopsin to control neural circuits with light. This method is currently being used in clinical trials to restore sight for patients with retinitis pigmentosa.
Facts for Prelims
- S&TOptogenetics: A technique using light to control neurons by expressing light-sensitive proteins.
- S&TChannelrhodopsin: An algal protein used in optogenetics to control neural circuits.
- FactThe Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2026 is shared by three recipients.
- S&TRetinitis pigmentosa: A condition being treated in clinical trials using optogenetic methods to restore sight.
Prelims practice question
Which protein is used in optogenetics to control neural circuits with light?
- (a)Myoglobin
- (b)Keratin
- (c)Hemoglobin
- (d)Channelrhodopsin
Show answer
Answer: (d) Channelrhodopsin — Channelrhodopsin is the algal protein used in optogenetics to control neural circuits.
For Mains
Q. Discuss the potential of optogenetics in revolutionizing neurological treatments and the ethical considerations surrounding neural circuit manipulation.
Dimensions to cover in your answer
- Clinical application: Potential for treating neurodegenerative diseases and sensory impairments
- Ethical dilemma: Concerns regarding neural privacy and the limits of cognitive manipulation
- Technological barrier: Challenges in achieving long-term stability of light-sensitive proteins in human tissue
Keywords: Optogenetics · Neural Circuits · Channelrhodopsin · Retinitis Pigmentosa · Biotechnology
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