GS2 · Polity · Governance · IR · 36
Why in news: India and France elevated their defense ties to a 'Special Global Strategic Partnership' during President Macron's visit to Delhi, renewing a 10-year defense cooperation agreement.
The agreement includes the acquisition of over 114 Rafale fighter jets with significant local content production. It also covers the development of advanced munitions and joint ventures in aerospace manufacturing to promote technology transfer.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactIndia and France renewed a 10-year defense cooperation agreement.
- FactThe deal involves the acquisition of over 114 Rafale fighter jets.
- S&TThe partnership includes joint ventures in aerospace manufacturing and advanced munitions development.
- PostThe partnership was elevated during a visit by French President Emmanuel Macron to Delhi.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the shift from transactional defense buying to technology transfer and local manufacturing in India's defense ties with France contributes to its strategic autonomy.
- Industrial shift: Transition from 'buyer-seller' model to indigenous manufacturing and technology transfer
- Strategic autonomy: Reducing import reliance through local content production and joint aerospace ventures
- Geopolitical alignment: Strengthening bilateral ties to ensure regional stability and global peace
Keywords: Strategic Autonomy · Technology Transfer · Defense Cooperation · Local Content Production · Aerospace Manufacturing
Why in news: The Delhi High Court sought the Union government's response to a petition challenging the Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023, alleging it allows unchecked Executive access to personal data.
A petition filed by Mr. Chandresh Jain argues that the DPDP Act, 2023, undermines judicial independence and violates constitutional guarantees. The Delhi High Court has scheduled a hearing for the matter in April.
Prelims pointers (3)
- Act / BillDigital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act, 2023
- PlaceDelhi High Court
- FactThe petition alleges the Act enables unchecked Executive access to personal data.
Mains angle
Q. Critically analyze the tension between state surveillance powers and the right to privacy under the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.
- Executive overreach: Potential for unchecked data access by government agencies without sufficient judicial oversight
- Constitutional conflict: Balancing national security imperatives against the fundamental right to privacy and individual autonomy
Keywords: Right to Privacy · Executive Overreach · Data Sovereignty · Judicial Independence · Constitutional Morality
Why in news: India joined a group of 85 countries and the League of Arab States in condemning Israel's unilateral measures in the West Bank aimed at altering the territory's demographic composition.
India joined 85 countries and the League of Arab States in issuing a joint statement against Israel's actions in the West Bank. The statement specifically rejects measures intended to change the demographic status of Palestinian territory.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactIndia joined a group of 85 countries in condemning Israel's unilateral measures in the West Bank.
- BodyThe League of Arab States endorsed the joint statement condemning measures in the West Bank.
- PlaceThe West Bank is the Palestinian territory where the unilateral measures are being contested.
Mains angle
Q. Analyze the complexities of India's 'multi-aligned' foreign policy in balancing strategic ties with Israel against its traditional stance on Palestinian sovereignty.
- Strategic balancing: Navigating the trade-off between defense technology cooperation with Israel and diplomatic ties with the Arab world.
- Demographic concerns: Addressing the international legal implications of unilateral measures on the status of Palestinian territories.
- Diplomatic consistency: Managing the shift in public stance regarding West Bank measures amidst high-level bilateral visits.
Keywords: Multi-alignment · Strategic Autonomy · Demographic Composition · Bilateral Relations · Diplomatic Balancing
The Hindu ↗+1 more on this story Why in news: The article outlines the history and current status of various mediation efforts, including the Jeddah summit and the Geneva peace summit, to resolve the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
Russia withdrew from the Black Sea Grain Initiative in June 2023. A Jeddah summit in June 2024 involved representatives from 40 countries but failed to reach an agreement. A Geneva peace summit in January 2026 resulted in a prisoner exchange but left political issues unresolved.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactThe Jeddah summit in June 2024 involved representatives from 40 countries.
- FactRussia withdrew from the Black Sea Grain Initiative in June 2023.
- PlaceGeneva peace summit took place in January 2026.
Mains angle
Q. Analyze the limitations of multilateral mediation in resolving the Russia-Ukraine conflict despite various diplomatic initiatives and international summits.
- Diplomatic deadlock: Divergent security guarantees and territorial integrity demands preventing consensus
- Institutional friction: Limitations of voluntary grain initiatives and non-binding ceasefire frameworks
- Geopolitical stalemate: Influence of superpower interests on the efficacy of neutral mediation
Keywords: multilateral diplomacy · mediation · geopolitical stalemate · sovereignty · conflict resolution
Why in news: The High-Level Committee on Union-State Relations, led by CM M.K. Stalin, proposed restructuring Indian education by divesting Governors of their roles as Chancellors of State universities.
The committee recommended shifting authority over education back to the States to address federalism and academic autonomy. It suggested freeing top universities from University Grants Commission (UGC) oversight and returning admissions control to the States.
Prelims pointers (2)
- PostGovernor: Currently holds the role of Chancellor in many State universities as per the committee's critique.
- FactThe committee recommends returning admissions control specifically to the States.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the constitutional implications of the role of Governors as Chancellors of State universities in the context of educational federalism and academic autonomy.
- Federal friction: Conflict between Central oversight via UGC and State autonomy in higher education
- Institutional bottleneck: Governor's role as Chancellor impacting university administrative independence and academic freedom
Keywords: Educational Federalism · Academic Autonomy · Cooperative Federalism · University Grants Commission · Constitutionalism
GS2Polity & Constitution › Constitution, amendments & basic structurePrelims + Mains Why in news: The article discusses the historical context of the 1980 Lok Sabha elections and the subsequent dismissal of the MGR-led government in Tamil Nadu under Article 356.
In 1980, the DMK-Congress (I) alliance defeated the AIADMK led by M.G. Ramachandran in the Lok Sabha elections. President N. Sanjiva Reddi issued a proclamation under Article 356 to dissolve assemblies in nine states, including Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Uttar Pradesh.
Prelims pointers (2)
- PostN. Sanjiva Reddi: Served as the President of India during the 1980 assembly dissolutions.
- FactNine states had their assemblies dissolved in 1980: Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, and Gujarat.
Mains angle
Q. Critically analyze the constitutional provisions and political implications of the President's Rule as exercised under Article 356 in the context of federalism.
- Federal friction: Conflict between central authority and state autonomy during political instability
- Constitutional scrutiny: The role of Cabinet Sub-Committees in advising on the legality of dissolving state assemblies
Keywords: President's Rule · Article 356 · Federalism · Constitutional Crisis · State Autonomy
Why in news: PM Modi and French President Macron attended the India-France Innovation Forum in Mumbai to discuss cooperation in innovation, trade, and technology.
India and France elevated their bilateral ties to a 'Special Global Strategic Partnership' in December 2025. The leaders met in Mumbai for bilateral and delegation-level talks followed by the Innovation Forum.
Prelims pointers (2)
- FactIndia-France bilateral ties were elevated to 'Special Global Strategic Partnership' in December 2025
- PlaceThe India-France Innovation Forum was held in Mumbai
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of the 'Special Global Strategic Partnership' between India and France in the context of global innovation and technology cooperation.
- Strategic autonomy: Balancing multi-aligned partnerships with European and Russian powers
- Tech-diplomacy: Leveraging bilateral ties to secure critical technology transfers and R&D collaboration
Keywords: Special Global Strategic Partnership · Innovation Forum · Bilateral Cooperation · Strategic Autonomy · Technology Transfer
Why in news: Union Minister Pralhad Joshi announced India's non-fossil fuel capacity has crossed 272 GW and launched the India-U.K. Offshore Wind Taskforce to enhance grid stability and infrastructure for offshore wind development.
India's non-fossil fuel capacity reached 272 GW, comprising 141 GW of solar and 55 GW of wind energy. The India-U.K. Offshore Wind Taskforce was launched with the participation of UK Deputy Prime Minister David Lammy and British High Commissioner Lindy Cameron.
Prelims pointers (5)
- FactIndia's non-fossil fuel capacity: 272 GW (as of February 2026)
- FactSolar energy component: 141 GW
- FactWind energy component: 55 GW
- FactIndia's target for non-fossil fuel capacity: 500 GW by 2030
- BodyIndia-U.K. Offshore Wind Taskforce: Focuses on ecosystem planning, infrastructure, financing, and risk mitigation
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of international partnerships and technological collaboration in achieving India's target of 500 GW non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030.
- Grid stability: Addressing intermittency of offshore wind through advanced infrastructure and ecosystem planning
- Financing gap: Leveraging bilateral cooperation to mitigate high capital risks in offshore wind projects
- Technology transfer: Utilizing UK expertise in offshore wind to enhance India's renewable energy reliability
Keywords: Renewable Energy · Offshore Wind · Energy Security · Bilateral Cooperation · Grid Stability · Decarbonization
GS2International Relations › International institutions & agencies (UN, WTO, IMF...)Prelims + Mains Why in news: UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres stated that the UN is not responsible for regulating AI but will host an annual global dialogue to facilitate multi-stakeholder discussions on AI risks and opportunities.
The UN plans to host an annual global dialogue involving governments, the private sector, and civil society. The initiative focuses on three pillars: an independent international scientific panel on AI, a voluntary global fund for developing countries' AI capacity building, and a platform for global discussion on AI risks.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactThe UN's proposed AI initiative includes a voluntary global fund for developing countries' AI capacity building.
- PostAntonio Guterres: Secretary-General of the United Nations
- PlaceIndia AI Impact Summit: A summit where Guterres will meet with Indian leaders and global tech figures.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges and opportunities of establishing a multilateral framework for global AI governance while balancing the interests of developed and developing nations.
- Digital divide: Risk of AI concentration in developed nations vs. lack of infrastructure in the Global South
- Regulatory friction: Conflict between voluntary global funds and binding international oversight mechanisms
- Ethical governance: Balancing rapid technological innovation with human rights and responsible business practices
Keywords: Multilateralism · Digital Divide · Ethical Governance · Capacity Building · Global South
GS2International Relations › Policies of other countries affecting IndiaMains Why in news: Over 80 UN member states, led by Palestinian Ambassador Riyad Mansour, condemned Israel's plan to declare large tracts of the occupied West Bank as Israeli 'state property'.
A coalition of 85 UN member states and several international organizations condemned the land registration plan. UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres warned the move could lead to the dispossession of Palestinians.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodyICJ: Ruled in 2024 that Israel's occupation of the West Bank is unlawful
- PostAntonio Guterres: Current UN Secretary-General
- Fact85 UN member states joined the coalition to condemn the de facto annexation
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the implications of de facto annexation of territories on international law and the role of the UN in upholding the principle of territorial integrity.
- Legal conflict: Conflict between unilateral land registration and the 2024 ICJ ruling on unlawful occupation
- Humanitarian risk: Potential for systemic dispossession of indigenous populations through administrative land reclassification
Keywords: de facto annexation · territorial integrity · international law · dispossession · sovereignty
Why in news: India concluded landmark trade deals with the European Union and the United States, signaling a shift in trade policy while highlighting the need for structural reforms to mitigate high transaction costs.
India finalized trade agreements with the EU and the US. Experts identified three key areas for reform: simplifying rules of origin, reducing documentation costs, and improving logistics infrastructure to boost export growth.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactIndia concluded trade deals with the European Union and the United States.
- FactKey structural reforms identified include simplifying rules of origin and reducing documentation costs.
- FactLogistics infrastructure improvement is cited as a necessity to leverage trade deal benefits.
Mains angle
Q. Examine the structural and logistical hurdles India faces in maximizing the benefits of bilateral trade agreements with major economies like the US and EU.
- Regulatory friction: Complexity in rules of origin and high documentation costs hindering export competitiveness
- Logistics bottleneck: Infrastructure gaps impacting the cost-effectiveness of international trade corridors
Keywords: Trade Liberalization · Rules of Origin · Logistics Infrastructure · Structural Reforms · Export Competitiveness
Why in news: China has reportedly surpassed the US in hypersonic weapons development with the introduction of the land-based scramjet-powered CJ-1000 missile.
The CJ-1000 is a land-based scramjet-powered missile capable of low-altitude flight and a range of at least 2,500km. It is noted for superior maneuverability and precision compared to glider-based missiles like the DF-17 and Avangard.
Prelims pointers (4)
- S&TCJ-1000: A land-based scramjet-powered hypersonic missile developed by China
- FactCJ-1000 range: At least 2,500km
- S&TScramjet technology: Enables low-altitude flight to evade air defense detection
- S&TDF-17 and Avangard: Examples of glider-based hypersonic missiles
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the advancement in hypersonic weapons and scramjet technology is reshaping global strategic stability and conventional air defense paradigms.
- Technological asymmetry: Scramjet-powered maneuverability vs. traditional radar-based interception
- Strategic instability: Reduced reaction times for air defenses creating 'powerless' scenarios
- R&D dynamics: Impact of state-led investment on rapid hypersonic weapon deployment
Keywords: Strategic Stability · Hypersonic Weapons · Scramjet Technology · Technological Asymmetry · Air Defense Systems
GS2Polity & Constitution › Judiciary & landmark judgmentsMains Why in news: The Supreme Court directed the Attorney General to consider a petition seeking a special law to recognize 'racial slurs' as a separate category of hate crime.
The Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice Surya Kant, expressed concern that classifying crimes based on victim identity could divide society. The court advocated for a unified approach to all crimes rather than creating separate categories for racial slurs.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PostChief Justice Surya Kant: Presiding judge of the Supreme Court during the proceedings.
- PostR. Venkataramani: Attorney General of India.
- FactThe petition sought comprehensive guidelines to recognize 'racial slur' as a distinct category of hate crime.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the constitutional and social implications of creating specific legal categories for hate crimes based on victim identity versus a unified criminal justice approach.
- Social cohesion: Risk of societal fragmentation through identity-based criminal classification
- Legislative challenge: Balancing specific protections for marginalized groups with the principle of universal equality
- Judicial oversight: Role of the judiciary in directing the executive to formulate specialized hate-crime frameworks
Keywords: Social Cohesion · Identity Politics · Criminal Jurisprudence · Equality before Law · Legislative Framework
Why in news: Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced a two-pronged plan to revive tourism in Kashmir following the April 2025 Pahalgam attack.
The government's plan focuses on institutional capacity building and the development of trails and heritage sites. The strategy emphasizes ecologically sustainable mountain trails, improved infrastructure, and shared environmental governance.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PlacePahalgam: Location of the April 2025 attack mentioned in the tourism reassessment.
- FactTwo-pronged plan: Focuses on institutional capacity building and trail/heritage site development.
- PostNirmala Sitharaman: Finance Minister of India.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the role of infrastructure development and environmental governance in promoting sustainable tourism in conflict-affected regions like Kashmir.
- Security-Tourism Nexus: Balancing high-security requirements with the need for an open, welcoming tourist experience.
- Ecological Governance: Managing mountain trail development to prevent environmental degradation in fragile Himalayan ecosystems.
- Local Integration: Utilizing paid civic roles to improve service delivery and address local security concerns.
Keywords: Ecologically sustainable · Institutional capacity building · Environmental governance · Infrastructure development · Tourism revival
Why in news: Karur Vysya Bank funded the establishment of an Indigenous and Endangered Languages Laboratory at the University of Madras to preserve South Indian tribal languages.
The laboratory focuses on documenting and studying languages of indigenous communities including Soliga, Kota, Toda, Irula, and Badaga. It utilizes a community engagement model involving elders and scholars to ensure inter-generational knowledge transfer.
Prelims pointers (2)
- FactTarget communities: Soliga, Kota, Toda, Irula, and Badaga
- PostKarur Vysya Bank (KVB): Funded the lab through its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiative
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the importance of documenting endangered indigenous languages in preserving India's cultural diversity and the role of private-public partnerships in linguistic preservation.
- Knowledge erosion: Rapid loss of oral traditions due to linguistic shift and lack of formal documentation
- Community-centric preservation: Balancing academic documentation with the rights and agency of indigenous speakers
- CSR as catalyst: Leveraging private corporate funds to address cultural preservation gaps in public education
Keywords: Linguistic diversity · Cultural continuity · Indigenous rights · Knowledge preservation · CSR initiatives
Why in news: Kerala Higher Education Minister R. Bindu inaugurated infrastructure projects and announced a ₹6,000 crore investment plan to overhaul college infrastructure and curriculum.
The Kerala government allocated ₹6,000 crore for infrastructure development over a four-year period. The initiative includes implementing four-year undergraduate programs and a revised curriculum focused on research and employability.
Prelims pointers (3)
- Fact₹6,000 crore investment for Kerala college infrastructure over four years
- SchemeScholar Connect: A scheme connecting students with diaspora experts
- FactImplementation of four-year undergraduate programs in Kerala colleges
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of aligning higher education curricula with industry demands and research capabilities to enhance student employability in the modern economy.
- Curriculum-Industry Gap: Aligning academic outputs with evolving job market requirements and research-led skill development
- Diaspora Engagement: Leveraging global Indian expertise to bridge the mentorship gap for domestic students
Keywords: Employability · Infrastructure Development · Curriculum Reform · Research Skills · Diaspora Engagement
GS2Social Justice › Vulnerable sections (SC/ST, minorities, disabled, elderly, children)Mains Why in news: The Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly passed two amendment Bills to remove discriminatory references to leprosy-affected individuals from state laws following a Supreme Court order.
Endowments Minister Anam Ramnarayana Reddy moved the amendments, including the Sri Venkateswara Vedic University (Amendment) Bill, 2026. The move is part of a time-bound program to ensure constitutional equality for leprosy-affected citizens.
Prelims pointers (3)
- Act / BillSri Venkateswara Vedic University (Amendment) Bill, 2026: Passed by Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
- FactThe amendments aim to remove discriminatory references to leprosy-affected individuals from state laws
- PostAnam Ramnarayana Reddy: Endowments Minister of Andhra Pradesh
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the constitutional necessity of removing discriminatory legal provisions against marginalized groups to ensure the principle of equality as enshrined in the Indian Constitution.
- Constitutional mandate: Aligning state legislation with the right to equality and dignity under Article 14 and 21
- Legislative reform: Transitioning from exclusionary historical legal frameworks to inclusive governance for leprosy-affected communities
Keywords: Constitutional equality · Discriminatory legislation · Social inclusion · Legislative amendment · Right to dignity
GS2Polity & Constitution › Panchayati Raj & urban local bodiesPrelims Why in news: The Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly passed the Panchayat Raj (Amendment) Bill–2026 to allow voter registration in PR institutions four times a year.
The bill was introduced by Tourism Minister Kandula Durgesh to amend the previous system where registration was only permitted on January 1st. The amendment aims to align PR voter registration with the existing systems for Assembly, Parliament, and municipal body elections.
Prelims pointers (3)
- Act / BillPanchayat Raj (Amendment) Bill–2026: Passed by Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
- FactVoter registration frequency: Increased from once a year (Jan 1st) to four times a year
- FactEligibility: Registration allowed for youth after turning 18
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how uniform voter registration systems across different tiers of local and state governance contribute to democratic inclusivity and administrative efficiency.
- Administrative synchronization: Reducing discrepancies between municipal and rural local body electoral rolls
- Democratic participation: Lowering barriers for youth entry into the electoral process through frequent registration windows
Keywords: Democratic decentralization · Electoral integrity · Administrative uniformity · Inclusive governance
GS2Social Justice › Health policy & public healthPrelims Why in news: The Andhra Pradesh government announced the establishment of multi-speciality hospitals in 61 constituencies under a Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model to bridge infrastructure gaps.
The initiative involves setting up multi-speciality hospitals and upgrading existing facilities across 61 constituencies in Andhra Pradesh. The project includes the construction of critical care blocks and trauma centers to improve healthcare access.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PlaceAndhra Pradesh: State implementing the multi-speciality hospital expansion project.
- Fact61 constituencies: Number of areas targeted for new hospital establishments.
- SchemePPP Model: Public-Private Partnership model used for healthcare infrastructure expansion.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the role of Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) in addressing infrastructure gaps in the public healthcare delivery system in India.
- Fiscal constraint: Balancing public funding with private profit motives in essential healthcare services
- Service equity: Ensuring affordable access for marginalized populations in private-led infrastructure
- Regulatory oversight: Need for robust monitoring of quality standards and pricing in PPP healthcare models
Keywords: Public-Private Partnership · Healthcare Infrastructure · Critical Care · Service Delivery · Rural-Urban Divide
Why in news: The Kerala government extended a relaxation allowing the Nair Service Society (NSS) to make permanent appointments for over 20,000 teachers in aided schools, pending a Supreme Court verdict.
The Kerala government's decision affects over 20,000 teachers currently on provisional or daily wage status. The order mandates aided schools to appoint differently abled individuals in reserved posts as per court directions.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PlaceKerala: State government issuing the order for teacher regularisation
- FactOver 20,000 teachers are currently working on provisional or daily wage basis
- BodyNair Service Society (NSS): Organization permitted to make permanent appointments in specific aided school posts
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in regularising contractual and daily wage staff in the education sector and its impact on the quality of public service delivery.
- Institutional instability: Lack of job security for 20,000+ teachers affecting pedagogical continuity
- Reservation conflict: Balancing community-based quotas with mandates for differently abled individuals
- Administrative bottleneck: Delays in district-level committee activities affecting school staffing
Keywords: Regularisation · Aided Schools · Job Security · Inclusive Education · Administrative Governance
The Hindu ↗+1 more on this story Why in news: The Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) is deliberating on a provision to bar no-confidence motions during the final year of a government's term under the proposed Bill on simultaneous elections.
The JPC has conducted 16 meetings across India to examine the Bill on simultaneous elections. Chairperson P.P. Chaudhary noted the committee is also addressing concerns regarding the Election Commission's powers under the proposed law.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodyJPC: Joint Parliamentary Committee is examining the Bill on simultaneous elections
- FactThe JPC has held 16 meetings across India as of February 2026
- PostP.P. Chaudhary is the chairperson of the JPC examining the simultaneous elections bill
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the constitutional implications of barring no-confidence motions in the final year of a government's term regarding parliamentary accountability.
- Accountability trade-off: Balancing legislative stability against the right of the House to hold the executive accountable
- Constitutional friction: Potential conflict with the principle of collective responsibility and parliamentary oversight
- Institutional overreach: Concerns regarding the scope of Election Commission powers under the proposed simultaneous elections law
Keywords: Parliamentary Oversight · Collective Responsibility · Simultaneous Elections · Legislative Accountability · Constitutionalism
Why in news: The Department of Collegiate Education released a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) to verify the authenticity of academic and professional certificates for guest faculty in government first-grade colleges.
The SOP mandates the formation of a 'Certificates Verification Committee' in each college, headed by the principal. The committee is responsible for verifying PG marksheets, NET, SLET, K-SET, Ph.D., M.Phil., PwD, and Kalyana Karnataka certificates.
Prelims pointers (4)
- BodyCertificates Verification Committee: A college-level body headed by the principal to verify guest faculty credentials.
- FactEMIS: The Education Management Information System portal where discrepancies in certificates must be reported.
- FactK-SET: One of the specific qualification certificates to be verified under the new SOP.
- FactSLET: State Level Eligibility Test, a qualification to be verified for guest faculty.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the importance of robust verification mechanisms in public higher education to ensure academic integrity and merit-based recruitment.
- Institutional integrity: Preventing the infiltration of unqualified personnel into government-funded academic institutions
- Administrative accountability: Streamlining the reporting of discrepancies through centralized digital portals like EMIS
Keywords: Academic Integrity · Standard Operating Procedure · Meritocracy · Public Accountability · Verification Mechanism
Why in news: The Madras High Court refused to stay the Election Commission of India's (ECI) orders to de-register political parties that failed to contest elections for six consecutive years.
The Madras High Court ruled that the balance of convenience favors the ECI in the de-registration of inactive parties. Petitioners challenged the move citing a lack of statutory provisions and argued they participated in elections under different party symbols.
Prelims pointers (2)
- BodyECI: The body responsible for de-registering political parties for inactivity.
- PlaceMadras High Court: The judicial body hearing the stay application.
Mains angle
Q. To what extent does the de-registration of inactive political parties ensure a vibrant democratic process? Discuss in the context of the Election Commission's regulatory powers.
- Regulatory clarity: Absence of specific statutory provisions for de-registration creates legal ambiguity.
- Democratic integrity: Preventing 'dummy' parties from cluttering the electoral landscape and misusing symbols.
- Right to association: Balancing the freedom to form political parties against the need for active political participation.
Keywords: Regulatory oversight · Statutory provision · Democratic vibrancy · Balance of convenience · Electoral integrity
GS2Social Justice › Vulnerable sections (SC/ST, minorities, disabled, elderly, children)Prelims Why in news: The Telangana government launched welfare schemes for minority communities, including subsidized e-scooters and financial assistance, administered by the Telangana State Minorities Finance Corporation (TGMFC).
The schemes include subsidized e-scooters, financial assistance for women and vulnerable occupational groups, and tool kits/generators for the Turka Kasha Muslim community. Online registrations for these programs opened on February 19, 2026.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodyTelangana State Minorities Finance Corporation (TGMFC) is the body administering these welfare schemes.
- FactThe schemes provide specific support to the Turka Kasha Muslim community including tool kits and generators.
- FactOnline registrations for the welfare schemes opened on February 19, 2026.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the role of targeted welfare schemes in promoting socio-economic inclusion for minority communities in India.
- Inclusion mechanism: Addressing specific occupational vulnerabilities of minority sub-groups through asset-based subsidies
- Administrative efficiency: Role of dedicated state corporations in streamlining last-mile delivery of welfare benefits
Keywords: socio-economic inclusion · targeted intervention · minority welfare · asset-based subsidies · last-mile delivery
Why in news: The Telangana Tribal Welfare Department reported the success of its STEM-60 program, which provided free residential coaching to tribal students for national entrance exams.
The STEM-60 program was launched in August of the current academic year by the Telangana Tribal Welfare Department. It provides free residential coaching, separate hostels, nutritious meals, and subject-wise faculty support for ST students preparing for JEE and NEET.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactSTEM-60 program achieved a 53.57% pass percentage in the JEE Main exam.
- FactFifteen tribal students qualified for JEE Advanced and five secured eligibility for NITs under the program.
- SchemeSTEM-60 is a Telangana state government initiative providing residential coaching for ST students.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how targeted residential coaching programs can bridge the educational disparity for Scheduled Tribes in India's higher education landscape.
- Resource disparity: Addressing the lack of high-quality coaching infrastructure in tribal-dominated regions
- Holistic support: Integration of nutrition and residential stability as prerequisites for academic success in STEM
Keywords: Educational Equity · Targeted Intervention · Social Mobility · STEM Education · Tribal Welfare
Why in news: Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Croatian Prime Minister Andrej Plenkovic met in New Delhi to discuss strengthening bilateral cooperation in technology, shipbuilding, and the blue economy.
Croatia reported a 10% increase in trade exchange with India during the first eleven months of 2025. The leaders discussed connecting the Three Seas Initiative (3SI) region with the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC).
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactTrade exchange between Croatia and India increased by 10% in the first eleven months of 2025
- BodyThree Seas Initiative (3SI): Croatia serves as the Chair of this initiative
- BodyIMEC: India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor
- PlaceCroatia: A European nation involved in maritime transport and shipbuilding cooperation with India
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) in reshaping regional connectivity and trade dynamics between India and Europe.
- Geopolitical alignment: Integrating the Three Seas Initiative with IMEC to create a contiguous trade corridor
- Maritime synergy: Leveraging Croatia's shipbuilding and blue economy expertise for India's maritime infrastructure
- Digital-Defense nexus: Balancing technological innovation with security cooperation in bilateral trade
Keywords: bilateral cooperation · blue economy · regional connectivity · maritime transport · digital transformation
Why in news: The Ministry of Commerce and Industry stated that President Donald Trump can reduce U.S. tariffs on Indian imports to 18% by updating the U.S. Federal Register.
The U.S. agreed to reduce reciprocal tariffs from 25% to 18% in February 2026. However, a 25% penal tariff remains active due to trade disputes regarding India's energy imports from Russia.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactU.S. agreed tariff reduction: from 25% to 18% in February 2026
- FactPenal tariff: 25% remains in place due to Russia-related energy import disputes
- BodyU.S. Federal Register: The mechanism for updating tariff changes without a new executive order
Mains angle
Q. Analyze how bilateral trade disputes and geopolitical alignments, such as energy imports from Russia, influence India's trade relations with the United States.
- Geopolitical friction: Trade penalties as a tool for diplomatic pressure on energy sourcing
- Regulatory mechanism: Use of the Federal Register for tariff adjustments vs executive orders
- Reciprocal trade: Balancing domestic industrial protection with bilateral trade commitments
Keywords: reciprocal tariffs · trade dispute · geopolitical alignment · federal register · energy security
GS2Polity & Constitution › Elections, ECI & electoral reformsPrelims Why in news: Chief Election Commissioner Gyanesh Kumar stated that the Special Revision (SR) exercise in Assam was conducted to ensure the integrity of electoral rolls by including eligible voters and excluding ineligible ones.
The Election Commission, including members Sukhbir Singh Sandhu and Vivek Joshi, conducted a three-day Special Revision (SR) exercise in Assam. The exercise resulted in only 500 appeals for the inclusion or exclusion of voters.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PostGyanesh Kumar: Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) of India
- BodyElection Commission of India: Body responsible for conducting elections and maintaining electoral rolls
- Fact500: Number of appeals received for voter inclusion or exclusion during the Assam Special Revision
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of periodic electoral roll revisions in ensuring the integrity of the democratic process in India.
- Data integrity: Preventing 'ghost' voters and ensuring 'one person, one vote' principle
- Logistical hurdles: Challenges in identifying and excluding ineligible voters in rural and remote terrains
Keywords: Electoral Integrity · Special Revision · Voter Inclusion · Democratic Process
GS2Polity & Constitution › Judiciary & landmark judgmentsMains Why in news: The Supreme Court overturned a Punjab and Haryana High Court decision, ruling that the allotment of high-end flats to a governing body member and his subordinate was arbitrary and violated transparency.
The Supreme Court of India cancelled the allotment of two high-end flats to a governing body member and his subordinate. The court found the process violated the society's eligibility criteria and ordered the HUDA housing society to pay ₹50,000 in litigation expenses.
Prelims pointers (2)
- FactSupreme Court ordered HUDA to pay ₹50,000 to the appellant for litigation expenses
- PlacePunjab and Haryana High Court: The lower court whose decision was overturned by the Supreme Court
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how nepotism and lack of transparency in public housing allotments undermine democratic principles and the rule of law in India.
- Institutional integrity: Arbitrary allotment processes by urban development bodies bypass merit-based eligibility
- Transparency deficit: Lack of public scrutiny in housing society allocations facilitates self-aggrandisement
- Judicial oversight: Role of the judiciary in curbing administrative bias and ensuring equality of opportunity
Keywords: Arbitrariness · Transparency · Rule of Law · Democratic Principles · Administrative Bias · Equality of Opportunity
Why in news: The Kerala government announced a revised normalisation formula for the KEAM 2026 engineering exam, adopting the Tamil Nadu model to ensure fairness for students from different boards.
The new KEAM 2026 formula assigns a 50:50 weightage between normalised entrance exam scores and final year qualifying examination marks. This change follows an intervention by the Kerala High Court regarding the impact of previous formulas on CBSE and ICSE stream students.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactKEAM 2026 normalisation formula: 50% weightage to entrance exam scores and 50% weightage to final year qualifying marks
- PlaceKEAM: Kerala Engineering Architecture Medical Entrance Examination
- BodyKerala High Court: Body that intervened to address concerns regarding exam normalisation
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges of standardising entrance examinations for professional courses in India while ensuring equity for students from diverse educational boards.
- Assessment equity: Balancing board-specific grading standards with competitive entrance exam difficulty
- Institutional friction: Judicial intervention in state-level admission policies to protect minority student interests
Keywords: Normalisation formula · Educational equity · Standardised testing · Judicial oversight · Meritocracy
GS2Social Justice › Health policy & public healthPrelims Why in news: The Kerala government extended bar and beer parlour operating hours until midnight, with specific provisions for 5-star FL3 licensed hotels to operate until 3 a.m. to promote MICE tourism.
The Kerala government extended bar timings from the current limit to midnight. FL3 licensed bar hotels with a 5-star classification or above can operate until 3 a.m. by paying an annual rental fee of ₹5 lakh.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactStandard bar and beer parlour operating hours in Kerala extended to midnight.
- FactFL3 licensed bar hotels with 5-star classification or above permitted to operate until 3 a.m.
- FactAnnual rental fee of ₹5 lakh required for 5-star FL3 licensed bar hotels to operate until 3 a.m.
- PlaceKerala government policy change aimed at promoting MICE tourism.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the conflict between promoting tourism-led economic growth and ensuring public health and social well-being in the context of liquor regulation.
- Public health trade-off: Balancing alcohol accessibility for tourism with the socio-economic impact of increased substance consumption.
- Regulatory arbitrage: Potential for 5-star classification to bypass standard public health restrictions through high-fee licensing.
Keywords: MICE tourism · Public health · Regulatory framework · Economic liberalization · Social impact
GS2International Relations › Policies of other countries affecting IndiaPrelims Why in news: President Droupadi Murmu presided over the International Fleet Review (IFR) off the Vizag coast, highlighting the Indian Navy's role in maritime security and global deterrence.
The International Fleet Review (IFR) was held off the coast of Vizag. The event focused on the Indian Navy's role in safeguarding maritime interests, promoting stability, and fostering goodwill with global navies.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PlaceVizag (Visakhapatnam) is the location of the International Fleet Review (IFR) off its coast.
- PostPresident Droupadi Murmu presided over the IFR event.
- FactThe Indian Navy's role includes safeguarding maritime commerce and providing deterrence against threats.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of the Indian Navy's role in ensuring maritime security and promoting regional stability in the Indian Ocean Region.
- Strategic deterrence: Balancing maritime commerce protection with defense against non-traditional security threats
- Diplomatic leverage: Utilizing naval diplomacy to foster goodwill and build maritime partnerships with global navies
Keywords: Maritime Security · Strategic Deterrence · Naval Diplomacy · Regional Stability · Maritime Commerce
Why in news: Finance Minister Thangam Thennarasu announced a ₹767 crore annual composite grant and a ₹175 crore performance fund for state-run universities in Tamil Nadu to improve fiscal discipline.
The Tamil Nadu government announced a ₹767 crore annual composite grant for state universities and a ₹175 crore Performance Incentive Grant. The move follows a committee report stating the previous grant model failed to promote academic excellence or financial discipline.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactComposite grant amount: ₹767 crore annually for state-run universities in Tamil Nadu
- FactPerformance Incentive Grant: ₹175 crore fund established to incentivize fiscal management
- BodyThe grant model requires universities to adopt specific accounting systems and comply with statutory requirements
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the importance of performance-linked funding in enhancing the fiscal discipline and academic excellence of state-run higher education institutions in India.
- Fiscal accountability: Transition from block grants to performance-linked incentives to curb budgetary leakages
- Institutional autonomy: Balancing academic freedom with mandatory accounting systems and statutory compliance requirements
Keywords: Fiscal discipline · Performance-linked incentives · Higher education funding · Public accountability · Statutory compliance
Why in news: PM Modi extended an invitation to the newly sworn-in Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Tarique Rahman, for a visit to India to strengthen bilateral relations.
PM Modi and Speaker of the Indian Parliament, Birla, congratulated Tarique Rahman on his victory. The Indian government expressed commitment to supporting Bangladesh's democratic development.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PostTarique Rahman: Newly sworn-in Prime Minister of Bangladesh
- PostBirla: Speaker of the Indian Parliament
- FactIndia pledged support for Bangladesh's democratic development
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of India's 'Neighborhood First' policy in fostering democratic stability and economic cooperation in Bangladesh.
- Diplomatic leverage: Balancing bilateral trade interests with regional democratic stability
- Security-Development nexus: India's role in stabilizing the Bay of Bengal maritime corridor
Keywords: Bilateral relations · Neighborhood First · Democratic development · Diplomatic engagement
GS2Polity & Constitution › Parliament & state legislaturesPrelims Why in news: The Election Commission announced the schedule for biennial Rajya Sabha elections for 37 seats across 10 states to be held on March 16, 2026.
The elections will be held for 37 Rajya Sabha seats in Maharashtra, Odisha, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Assam, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and Bihar. The elections utilize a single transferable vote system to fill six-year terms.
Prelims pointers (4)
- Fact37 Rajya Sabha seats are falling vacant across 10 states for the March 16, 2026 polls.
- BodyThe Election Commission of India is the body responsible for announcing and conducting these polls.
- FactOnly elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies are eligible to vote in these elections.
- FactThe Rajya Sabha seats are filled for a term of six years using a single transferable vote system.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of the Rajya Sabha as a federal chamber and the procedural nuances of the single transferable vote system in its election process.
- Federal representation: Balancing state-level legislative interests with national parliamentary representation
- Electoral mechanics: Ensuring proportional representation through the single transferable vote system
Keywords: Federalism · Single Transferable Vote · Representation · Constitutional Bodies · Legislative Process
GS2Polity & Constitution › Constitution, amendments & basic structureMains Why in news: The Hindu highlighted the grassroots participation of Tamil Nadu residents, including commoners like S. Oppiliappan, in the Constituent Assembly's deliberations on minority protections.
The Minorities Sub-Committee of the Advisory Committee for the Constituent Assembly sought public opinion on safeguards for Scheduled Castes and religious minorities. Contributions ranged from legal immunity for communal customs proposed by K.V. Sundaresa Iyer to demands for freedom of worship by local villagers.
Prelims pointers (3)
- PostK.V. Sundaresa Iyer: Advocate who proposed immunity for communal customs to the Constituent Assembly
- FactS. Oppiliappan: A Tamil villager who advocated for freedom of worship and community autonomy
- BodyMinorities Sub-Committee: Part of the Advisory Committee for the Constituent Assembly
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of public participation and grassroots advocacy in the drafting of the Indian Constitution to ensure inclusive representation.
- Democratic legitimacy: Inclusion of non-elite voices to ensure constitutional provisions reflect diverse societal realities
- Substantive equality: Balancing communal autonomy with individual rights through public consultation processes
Keywords: Constituent Assembly · Minority Rights · Grassroots Participation · Constitutionalism · Public Consultation
GS3 · Economy · S&T · Environment · Security · 24
Why in news: The National Green Tribunal (NGT) in Kolkata approved the Great Nicobar Project, despite concerns from scientists and environmental groups regarding its impact on biodiversity and indigenous tribes.
The NGT Kolkata approved the project based on government-provided environmental safeguards and strategic utility. The project faces opposition due to potential damage to forest cover and the habitats of the Shompen and Nicobarese tribes.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodyNational Green Tribunal (NGT) is the apex body for adjudication of environmental disputes in India
- EnvironmentShompen and Nicobarese are indigenous tribes residing in the Nicobar Islands
- PlaceGreat Nicobar Project is located in the Nicobar Islands
Mains angle
Q. Critically analyze the conflict between large-scale infrastructure development and the preservation of biodiversity and indigenous rights in ecologically sensitive zones.
- Regulatory oversight: Reliance on government-led environmental impact assessments versus independent scientific scrutiny
- Rights of indigenous peoples: Balancing strategic infrastructure needs with the cultural and territorial rights of the Shompen and Nicobarese tribes
- Ecological integrity: Irreversible loss of forest cover and biodiversity in island ecosystems
Keywords: Environmental Impact Assessment · Biodiversity conservation · Indigenous rights · Sustainable development · Judicial oversight
Why in news: The Ministry of Home Affairs announced the second phase of the Vibrant Village Programme (VVP-II) to develop 1,954 strategic border villages to counter illicit activities and demographic changes.
The VVP-II is a ₹6,839 crore initiative targeting 1,954 villages along the borders with Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Myanmar. The program focuses on economic development, social cohesion, and cultural assimilation to enhance border management.
Prelims pointers (4)
- SchemeVibrant Village Programme (VVP) is an initiative by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
- FactVVP-II involves a budget allocation of ₹6,839 crore
- FactVVP-II targets 1,954 strategic villages along India's borders
- PlaceThe program covers borders with Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Myanmar
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how infrastructure development and socio-economic integration in border regions can serve as a tool for national security and counter-insurgency.
- Demographic security: Addressing concerns of population shifts and illicit cross-border activities
- Integrated development: Balancing infrastructure needs with the preservation of local cultural assimilation
- Strategic depth: Enhancing border management through community-led economic stability
Keywords: Border Management · Socio-economic Integration · Demographic Change · Strategic Development · Internal Security
GS3Science & Technology › IT, AI, semiconductors & computingPrelims Why in news: Prime Minister Narendra Modi is scheduled to address the AI Impact Summit on February 19, 2026, a flagship government event featuring global tech leaders and world heads.
The AI Impact Summit 2026 features keynote speakers including Sam Altman (OpenAI), Dennis Hassabis (Google DeepMind), and Mukesh Ambani (Reliance Industries). The expo component of the summit was extended to February 21, 2026, to accommodate large crowds and security arrangements.
Prelims pointers (4)
- PostSam Altman is the CEO of OpenAI
- PostDennis Hassabis is the CEO of Google DeepMind
- FactOver 400 exhibitors from startups, corporate firms, and government entities are participating in the expo
- PlaceThe summit follows similar multilateral AI summits held in the U.K., France, and South Korea
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of multilateral cooperation in establishing global governance frameworks for Artificial Intelligence and its socio-economic impact on developing nations like India.
- Geopolitical leadership: India's positioning as a hub for AI innovation and policy-making
- Regulatory harmonization: Need for unified global standards to mitigate AI-driven misinformation and security risks
- Digital divide: Ensuring equitable access to AI infrastructure for students and professionals in emerging economies
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence · Multilateralism · Digital Governance · Technological Sovereignty · Strategic Autonomy
Why in news: Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw urged global tech platforms (Google, Meta, X, Netflix) to align with India's constitutional framework following the implementation of stricter content-takedown rules.
India has tightened rules requiring social media companies to remove unlawful content within a three-hour window. The directive was issued during an AI summit in Delhi to ensure platforms respect cultural context and constitutional mandates.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactContent-takedown rule: Social media companies must remove unlawful content within three hours.
- PostAshwini Vaishnaw: Union Minister for Information and Broadcasting.
- BodyPlatforms mentioned: Google, Meta, X, and Netflix.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in balancing the constitutional right to freedom of speech with the necessity of regulating digital content on global tech platforms in India.
- Regulatory friction: Conflict between global platform moderation policies and domestic constitutional mandates
- Enforcement bottleneck: Technical and logistical hurdles in achieving a three-hour content removal window
- Cultural sovereignty: Balancing globalized content algorithms with local cultural and legal sensitivities
Keywords: Constitutional framework · Content moderation · Digital sovereignty · Regulatory compliance · Freedom of speech
GS3Economy › Industry, investment & MSMEsPrelims Why in news: Netweb Technologies India Ltd. launched 'Make in India' AI supercomputing systems, 'The Spark' and 'Tyrone', powered by NVIDIA technology to support local AI development.
Netweb Technologies India Ltd. launched 'The Spark' (compact desktop-sized system with 1 petaflop AI performance) and 'Tyrone' (built on NVIDIA GB200 NVL4 architecture). The systems support large language models of up to 10 trillion parameters and are compatible with liquid-cooled servers.
Prelims pointers (4)
- S&TThe Spark: A compact desktop-sized AI system offering 1 petaflop of performance with 128GB unified memory.
- S&TTyrone: AI supercomputing system built on NVIDIA GB200 NVL4 architecture compatible with liquid-cooled servers.
- FactThe new systems support large language models of up to 10 trillion parameters.
- PlaceNetweb Technologies India Ltd. is showcasing these products in New Delhi from February 16 to 20, 2026.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how indigenous AI supercomputing infrastructure can bolster India's ambitions in the global digital economy and data sovereignty.
- Data Sovereignty: Enabling local operation of large language models to reduce reliance on foreign cloud infrastructure.
- Hardware Localization: Transitioning from software-only AI to 'Make in India' high-performance computing hardware.
- Infrastructure Gap: Addressing the high computational costs of training 10-trillion-parameter models for Indian startups.
Keywords: Data Sovereignty · High-Performance Computing · Make in India · Large Language Models · Digital Infrastructure
GS3Environment & Ecology › Climate change & international agreementsPrelims + Mains Why in news: The Tamil Nadu Climate Summit 4.0 concluded with a focus on forest fire preparedness and biodiversity conservation, highlighting the state's model of anticipatory governance.
The summit assessed Tamil Nadu's five-year climate journey and showcased the State-Level Command and Control Centre. It emphasized the transition toward a circular and green economy to combat habitat fragmentation and urbanization.
Prelims pointers (4)
- PlaceTamil Nadu Climate Summit 4.0
- S&TState-Level Command and Control Centre for wildfire mitigation
- FactThe summit assessed a five-year climate journey
- BodyUNEA-7 (United Nations Environment Assembly) context for India's leadership in wildfire mitigation
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how anticipatory governance and circular economy models can mitigate the dual threats of forest fires and biodiversity loss in ecologically sensitive zones.
- Governance model: Use of State-Level Command and Control Centres for real-time wildfire monitoring
- Ecological pressure: Impact of habitat fragmentation and rapid urbanization on biodiversity conservation
- Economic transition: Shifting toward a circular economy to align climate action with sustainable development
Keywords: anticipatory governance · circular economy · habitat fragmentation · wildfire mitigation · biodiversity conservation
Why in news: Andhra Pradesh's Revenue Minister announced a simplified process and a special drive to remove eligible private lands from the 22A prohibited list to benefit poor landowners.
The Andhra Pradesh government issued a memo permitting the deletion of five categories of private lands from the 22A prohibited list. A special drive involving in-charge Ministers and District Collectors will be launched to expedite these deletions.
Prelims pointers (3)
- Fact22A list: A prohibited list in Andhra Pradesh regarding land transactions.
- PostAnagani Satya Prasad: Minister for Revenue, Registration and Stamps in Andhra Pradesh.
- PostN. Chandrababu Naidu: Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how simplifying land-tenure restrictions can facilitate inclusive growth and alleviate rural poverty while ensuring the protection of public interest.
- Administrative bottleneck: Delays in updating land records hindering asset monetization for marginalized farmers
- Regulatory balance: Balancing individual property rights with the state's need to prevent illegal land encroachments
Keywords: Land Tenure · Inclusive Growth · Administrative Simplification · Rural Poverty · Public Interest
Why in news: The CRPF launched 'Operation KGH-2' on February 17, 2026, to track down senior Maoist commanders and eradicate Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) along the Chhattisgarh-Telangana border.
The operation involves nearly 2,000 security personnel and targets four key leaders: Ganapati, Devuji, Malla Raja Reddy, and Misir Besra. The CRPF has established forward operating bases to disrupt Maoist supply chains and is leading the implementation of government schemes in these regions.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactOperation KGH-2 involves nearly 2,000 security personnel.
- PlaceThe operation is conducted along the Chhattisgarh-Telangana border.
- BodyCRPF is the lead force for the operation and scheme implementation in Maoist-affected areas.
- FactThe operation aims to reduce the number of Maoist politburo and central committee members from 20 to four by March 2026.
Mains angle
Q. Examine the multi-pronged strategy of using both security operations and developmental schemes to combat Left-Wing Extremism in India's tribal heartlands.
- Logistical disruption: Establishing forward operating bases to sever Maoist supply chains and communication networks
- Developmental integration: CRPF-led implementation of government schemes to address underlying socio-economic grievances
- Leadership decapitation: Targeting high-ranking politburo and central committee members to weaken organizational hierarchy
Keywords: Left-Wing Extremism · Internal Security · Forward Operating Bases · Developmental Intervention · Counter-insurgency
Why in news: A study by the Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History revealed that endangered lion-tailed macaques (LTM) are forming unusually large groups in non-protected private plantations in the Valparai plateau.
The study monitored LTM populations between February 2021 and August 2024. It recorded a group of 117 LTMs at Puthuthottam, significantly higher than the mean group size of less than 20 individuals observed in protected areas of the Western Ghats.
Prelims pointers (4)
- EnvironmentLion-tailed macaques (LTM) are an endangered species found in the Western Ghats.
- PlaceValparai plateau is a region in the Western Ghats where LTM populations are being monitored.
- FactA group of 117 LTMs was observed at Puthuthottam, exceeding the mean group size of <20 in protected areas.
- BodySalim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History conducted the long-term monitoring study.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the ecological risks associated with the habituation of endangered wildlife to human-dominated landscapes and private plantations.
- Ecological risk: Potential for increased human-wildlife conflict and zoonotic disease transmission due to habituation.
- Habitat fragmentation: Pressure on Western Ghats biodiversity as wildlife expands into non-protected plantation lands.
- Management dilemma: Balancing private land rights with the conservation of endangered species in buffer zones.
Keywords: Habituation · Human-Wildlife Conflict · Biodiversity Conservation · Western Ghats · Endangered Species
GS3Economy › Industry, investment & MSMEsPrelims Why in news: French auto parts major Valeo announced plans to invest over €200 million in India to triple its revenue by 2028, driven by the growth in SUV and electric vehicle (EV) markets.
Valeo, a French auto parts company, aims to increase its global sales share from 1% to 6-7% through Indian manufacturing. The company has secured partnerships with Mahindra & Mahindra for electric powertrains and Hero MotoCorp for advanced rider assistance systems.
Prelims pointers (5)
- FactValeo's planned investment in India exceeds €200 million.
- FactValeo aims to triple its revenue in India by 2028.
- FactValeo's current global sales share is 1%, with a target of 6-7%.
- FactValeo partnered with Mahindra & Mahindra for electric powertrains.
- FactValeo partnered with Hero MotoCorp for advanced rider assistance systems.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how the expansion of foreign direct investment in the automotive manufacturing sector contributes to India's goal of becoming a global manufacturing hub.
- Supply chain integration: Leveraging local manufacturing to capture global market share
- EV ecosystem growth: Synergy between foreign technology and domestic EV manufacturing
- Market diversification: Expansion into two and three-wheeler segments to capture rural and urban demand
Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment · Electric Vehicles · Manufacturing Hub · Supply Chain Integration · Automotive Sector
Why in news: Environment Minister Eshwar Khandre announced the phased resumption of safari operations in Bandipur and Nagarahole Tiger Reserves following an expert committee's interim report.
The resumption includes a reduction of safari trips to five hours for Bandipur and four hours for Nagarahole. To ensure monitoring, all safari vehicles will be equipped with GPS tracking systems and dashboard cameras.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactBandipur safari trips are limited to five hours; Nagarahole to four hours
- S&TSafari vehicles will be equipped with GPS tracking systems and dashboard cameras
- Fact50% of pre-November 7th safari vehicles will be operational
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges of balancing wildlife tourism with tiger conservation in high-density human-wildlife interface zones like Bandipur and Nagarahole.
- Monitoring bottleneck: Need for real-time GPS and camera surveillance to prevent unauthorized movement
- Human-wildlife conflict: Balancing tourist access with the safety of nearby village settlements
Keywords: Human-wildlife interface · Wildlife conservation · Ecotourism management · Zoning · Biodiversity monitoring
GS3Agriculture › Farm subsidies & supportMains Why in news: Bihar Agriculture Minister Ram Kripal Yadav announced that farmers will not be denied scheme benefits due to lack of registration, while updating progress on the 'AgriStack' initiative.
The AgriStack initiative has generated unique IDs for 45 lakh farmers in Bihar, representing 52% of the state's target. The registry is designed to streamline access to both Central and State agricultural programs.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactAgriStack: Unique IDs created for 45 lakh farmers in Bihar as of February 2026
- FactAgriStack coverage: 52% of the target in Bihar
- SchemeAgriStack: Initiative to provide unique IDs to farmers to streamline access to agricultural schemes
Mains angle
Q. Discuss how digital identity frameworks like AgriStack can enhance the efficiency of agricultural subsidy delivery while ensuring inclusivity for marginalized farmers.
- Digital divide: Risk of excluding small-scale farmers with limited technological access or literacy
- Data integrity: Ensuring accurate farmer profiling to prevent leakage and blackmarketing of fertilizers
- Administrative friction: Balancing mandatory registration requirements with the immediate need for emergency agricultural support
Keywords: AgriStack · Digital Public Infrastructure · Subsidy Leakage · Inclusive Growth · Agricultural Governance
GS3Economy › Fiscal policy, budget & taxation (GST)Mains Why in news: The Karnataka government anticipates a ₹16,000 crore revenue shortfall due to GST rate rationalization, potentially reducing the 2025-2026 budget size by ₹10,000 crore.
Karnataka is preparing its 17th Budget to be presented on March 6. The state is considering increasing user fees and cesses to offset the revenue gap caused by GST changes.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactEstimated revenue shortfall from GST in Karnataka: ₹16,000 crore
- FactPotential reduction in 2025-2026 budget size: ₹10,000 crore
- PostChief Minister Siddaramaiah is in charge of the finance portfolio for the 17th Budget
Mains angle
Q. Examine how GST rate rationalization impacts the fiscal autonomy of states and the challenges it poses for achieving revenue surplus goals.
- Fiscal friction: Balancing state-level revenue targets with national GST rate harmonization
- Revenue diversification: Trade-offs between increasing user fees/cess and public service affordability
- Fiscal deficit: Impact of indirect tax volatility on state-level infrastructure spending
Keywords: Fiscal Deficit · GST Rationalisation · Revenue Surplus · Fiscal Federalism · Taxation Policy
GS3Economy › Industry, investment & MSMEsPrelims Why in news: Executives from global pharmaceutical firms like Novartis and Amgen highlighted Hyderabad's emergence as a high-impact AI innovation hub for healthcare R&D and digital platforms.
Global companies including Novartis, Takeda, Amgen, Olympus Corporation, and Unilabs are establishing core digital and R&D platforms in Hyderabad. The shift focuses on AI-driven capabilities for marketing, research, quality management, and professional support.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactHyderabad is emerging as a hub for AI-driven capabilities in marketing, research, and quality management for global pharma.
- FactCompanies like Novartis, Takeda, and Amgen are establishing core digital and R&D platforms in Hyderabad.
- FactOlympus Corporation and Unilabs are leveraging Hyderabad's expertise in foundational AI development for healthcare.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the factors contributing to the transformation of Indian cities into global innovation hubs for high-tech industries like AI-driven healthcare.
- Skill-demand alignment: Transition from low-cost service centers to high-impact R&D and AI innovation engines
- Infrastructure synergy: Integration of foundational AI development with pharmaceutical R&D and quality management
- Global supply chain shift: Decentralization of decision-making platforms to Indian tech hubs
Keywords: Innovation Hub · AI-driven R&D · Digital Transformation · Pharmaceutical Industry · High-impact Innovation
GS3Internal Security › Terrorism & insurgency (J&K, North-East)Prelims Why in news: The National Investigation Agency (NIA) arrested a former PFI coordinator at Kochi airport for his role in a conspiracy to radicalize youth and establish Islamic rule by 2047.
The NIA apprehended Moideenkutty P., a former physical education training coordinator for the banned Popular Front of India (PFI), at Cochin International Airport. The accused had been on the run since September 2022 and is linked to a conspiracy involving weapon training and radicalization.
Prelims pointers (3)
- BodyNIA: National Investigation Agency is the primary counter-terrorism agency in India
- FactThe NIA has filed chargesheets against 65 individuals in connection with this specific conspiracy
- FactThe accused was apprehended upon arrival from the UAE at Cochin International Airport
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the role of the National Investigation Agency in countering radicalization and the challenges in dismantling clandestine terror-funding networks in India.
- Intelligence gap: Difficulty in tracking clandestine funding and radicalization modules operating across international borders
- Legal framework: Balancing the prevention of radicalization with the protection of individual civil liberties
Keywords: radicalization · counter-terrorism · national security · clandestine networks · NIA
Why in news: Assam Accord Implementation Minister Atul Bora informed the Assembly that over 1.70 lakh illegal foreigners have been detected in Assam since the accord's implementation.
The Assam Accord was signed in 1985 to detect and deport illegal immigrants from Bangladesh who entered Assam after March 25, 1971. As of February 2026, nearly all of the India-Bangladesh border in Assam is fenced except for a 4.35 km stretch.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactOver 1.70 lakh illegal foreigners detected under the Assam Accord since its implementation.
- PlaceA 4.35 km stretch of the India-Bangladesh border in Assam remains unfenced due to objections from the Bangladesh Border Guard Force.
- FactThe Assam Accord (1985) targets immigrants who entered Assam after March 25, 1971.
- BodyJustice (retd) Biplab Sharma committee: tasked with recommendations on Clause 6 of the Assam Accord.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in implementing the Assam Accord and the implications of illegal migration on the demographic and security landscape of Northeast India.
- Demographic shift: Pressure on local resources and linguistic identity due to rapid influx
- Security-sovereignty trade-off: Balancing border fencing with diplomatic sensitivities of neighboring states
- Institutional bottleneck: Delays in implementing Justice Biplab Sharma committee recommendations on Clause 6
Keywords: Illegal migration · Border management · Assam Accord · Demographic shift · National security
GS3Science & Technology › IT, AI, semiconductors & computingPrelims Why in news: Google announced the 'America-India Connect' initiative to build new subsea cables connecting India to Singapore, South Africa, and Australia to bolster AI infrastructure.
Google plans to establish a new international subsea gateway in Visakhapatnam. The project aims to connect India's AI hub to Singapore, South Africa, and Australia, including a specific link from Mumbai to Western Australia.
Prelims pointers (4)
- S&TAmerica-India Connect: Google's initiative to build subsea cables for AI infrastructure
- PlaceVisakhapatnam: Site of the proposed new international subsea gateway
- FactSubsea cables will connect India to Singapore, South Africa, and Australia
- PostSundar Pichai: CEO of Alphabet (Google's parent company)
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the significance of subsea cable infrastructure in establishing India as a global hub for Artificial Intelligence and digital connectivity.
- Infrastructure bottleneck: High dependency on international subsea cables for low-latency data transfer
- Geopolitical leverage: Strategic importance of maritime cable routes in securing digital sovereignty
- Economic multiplier: Enhanced connectivity facilitating real-time AI processing for domestic industries
Keywords: Digital Backbone · Subsea Cables · AI Infrastructure · Network Resilience · Data Sovereignty
GS3Economy › Industry, investment & MSMEsPrelims + Mains Why in news: India has begun easing restrictions on Chinese equipment imports for power and coal projects to address project delays and supply shortages.
The government is allowing state-run power and coal companies to procure limited supplies of Chinese equipment. The move follows a 2020 border clash and will be implemented on a case-by-case basis with time-bound exemptions for critical equipment.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactThe easing of restrictions applies specifically to state-run power and coal companies.
- FactImport exemptions are granted on a case-by-case basis with time-bound limits.
- FactThe policy shift follows the 2020 border standoff between India and China.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the dilemma between national security concerns and the necessity of industrial supply chains in India's energy and mining sectors.
- Supply chain vulnerability: Dependence on Chinese components for critical infrastructure despite geopolitical tensions
- Strategic trade-off: Balancing 'Atmanirbhar Bharat' goals with immediate project completion requirements in power and coal
- Regulatory flexibility: Use of case-by-case exemptions to manage critical infrastructure bottlenecks
Keywords: Supply chain resilience · Strategic autonomy · Infrastructure bottlenecks · Trade-security nexus · Import substitution
Why in news: Google DeepMind CEO Demis Hassabis advocated for international cooperation and global summits to manage the societal risks and maximize the scientific benefits of AI.
Demis Hassabis, CEO of Google DeepMind, highlighted AI's potential to revolutionize science and medicine. He emphasized that societal challenges posed by AI are more complex than technical hurdles and called for global cooperation.
Prelims pointers (2)
- PostDemis Hassabis: CEO of Google DeepMind
- FactIndia AI Impact Summit: A global summit platform for discussing AI's societal impact and risk mitigation
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the ethical and societal implications of integrating Artificial Intelligence in healthcare and scientific research. How can international cooperation mitigate its risks?
- Regulatory gap: Lack of unified global standards for AI safety and data privacy
- Equity concerns: Risk of widening the digital divide in healthcare access between nations
- Accountability framework: Legal complexities in determining liability for AI-driven medical errors
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence · Ethical Governance · Digital Divide · Technological Sovereignty · Risk Mitigation
Why in news: The article highlights the practical adoption of AI tools by Indian farmers and educators to enhance productivity, while noting India's challenges in developing indigenous large-scale AI models.
Early adopters like farmer Bir Virk and educator Swetank Pandey are using AI for automated farming and exam grading. Tech giants Microsoft and Google are investing in India's AI infrastructure while the government invests in research and training.
Prelims pointers (3)
- FactAI applications in India include automated farming, exam paper grading, and study material creation.
- PostMicrosoft and Google are identified as major tech giants investing in India's AI infrastructure.
- FactIndia faces challenges in developing large-scale AI models due to limited access to resources and data.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the potential of Artificial Intelligence to enhance agricultural productivity and educational outcomes in India while addressing the challenges of data sovereignty and infrastructure.
- Data bottleneck: Limited access to high-quality datasets hindering the development of indigenous large-scale AI models
- Digital divide: Disparity in AI tool adoption between early adopters and marginalized rural/educational sectors
- Infrastructure gap: Dependence on foreign tech giants for foundational AI infrastructure and computing power
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence · Digital Infrastructure · Productivity Enhancement · Data Sovereignty · Technological Adoption
GS3Environment & Ecology › Pollution (air, water, plastic)Prelims Why in news: The Local Self-Government department (LSGD) of Kerala reported that the state generates 596 million litres per day (MLD) of untreated urban sewage despite ongoing STP projects.
Kerala generates 596 MLD of untreated sewage. The state has established STP projects for 435.83 MLD, while 596.17 MLD is managed via onsite facilities. Current infrastructure includes seven operational plants and ten under construction with a capacity of 4,931 KLD.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactKerala generates 596 million litres per day (MLD) of untreated urban sewage.
- FactLSGD has set up sewage treatment plant (STP) projects for 435.83 MLD.
- FactCurrent operational and under-construction plants have a total capacity of 4,931 kilo liters per day (KLD).
- BodyLocal Self-Government department (LSGD) is the body reporting sewage data in Kerala.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the challenges in implementing centralized sewage treatment infrastructure in geographically diverse states like Kerala and suggest decentralized alternatives.
- Geographical constraints: High terrain diversity and limited land availability hindering large-scale centralized STP construction
- Infrastructure gap: Disparity between total sewage generation (596 MLD) and current operational plant capacity (4,931 KLD)
- Decentralized strategy: Use of FSTPs in fringe areas to mitigate land scarcity and logistical bottlenecks
Keywords: Urban Sanitation · Sewage Treatment Plant · Decentralized Infrastructure · Geographical Constraints · Waste Management
GS3Environment & Ecology › Species, protected areas & wetlandsPrelims Why in news: Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav announced that a translocated cheetah named Gamini gave birth to three cubs at Kuno National Park, increasing India's cheetah population to 38.
Gamini is a cheetah translocated from South Africa to Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh. This birth marks the ninth successful litter on Indian soil, bringing the total count of surviving Indian-born cubs to 27.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactIndia's total cheetah population reached 38 following the birth of three cubs to Gamini.
- FactThere are currently 27 surviving Indian-born cheetah cubs.
- PlaceKuno National Park is located in Madhya Pradesh.
- FactThe birth of these cubs marks the ninth successful litter on Indian soil.
Mains angle
Q. Examine the ecological and conservation significance of the Cheetah Reintroduction Project in India, highlighting the challenges of establishing a self-sustaining population.
- Genetic diversity: Risks of inbreeding depression in a small founder population of translocated cheetahs
- Habitat suitability: Balancing prey density and grassland requirements within the Kuno National Park ecosystem
- Monitoring protocols: Challenges in tracking and protecting cubs from predation and human-wildlife conflict
Keywords: Ex-situ conservation · Translocation · Biodiversity conservation · Population dynamics · Habitat restoration
GS3Economy › Growth, inflation & macro indicatorsPrelims Why in news: Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Mohan Yadav presented the State Economic Survey for 2025-26, projecting a significant 11.14% growth in the State's Gross Domestic Product (GSDP).
The State Economic Survey for 2025-26 projects a GSDP of ₹16,69,750 crore for Madhya Pradesh. The survey reports a per capita net income of ₹1,69,050 at current prices.
Prelims pointers (5)
- FactMadhya Pradesh GSDP projection for 2025-26: ₹16,69,750 crore
- FactProjected GSDP growth rate for Madhya Pradesh: 11.14% over FY 2024-25
- FactPrimary sector contribution to GSVAs: 43.09%
- FactSecondary sector contribution to GSVAs: 19.79%
- FactTertiary sector contribution to GSVAs: 37.12%
Mains angle
Q. Analyze the structural composition of Madhya Pradesh's economy and discuss the challenges in transitioning from a primary-sector-led growth model to a tertiary-led one.
- Sectoral imbalance: High reliance on primary sector (43.09%) despite rising tertiary sector contributions
- Income disparity: Correlation between per capita net income of ₹1,69,050 and rural-urban economic distribution
Keywords: GSDP · Gross State Value Added (GSVA) · Per capita net income · Sectoral contribution · Economic Survey
GS3Economy › Growth, inflation & macro indicatorsMains Why in news: Odisha Governor Hari Babu Kambhampati outlined a plan to increase the state's contribution to national GDP from 3% to 5% through infrastructure and mineral wealth.
Odisha aims to raise its average annual growth from 7% to 9.5%. The state produced over 61% of India's iron ore in 2024-25 and ranks first in steel and stainless steel production.
Prelims pointers (4)
- FactOdisha's current contribution to national GDP is 3%.
- FactOdisha produced over 61% of India's iron ore in 2024-25.
- FactOdisha holds the first rank in India for steel and stainless steel production.
- PlaceOdisha: Planned infrastructure includes a new coastal highway and a capital region ring road.
Mains angle
Q. Discuss the role of mineral wealth and infrastructure development in driving regional economic growth in India, using Odisha as a case study.
- Resource-led growth: Leveraging mineral dominance to transition from raw material exporter to industrial hub
- Infrastructure synergy: Connectivity improvements via coastal highways to reduce logistical costs for industrial output
- Security-Development nexus: Impact of anti-Maoist operations on creating a stable environment for capital investment
Keywords: Regional disparity · Mineral wealth · Infrastructure connectivity · Economic fundamentals · Security-led development
Notes are generated automatically from SatyaDheesh's news feed and mapped to the UPSC CSE syllabus. Check facts against the original report or PIB before using them in an answer.